Kelp Worlds
In this trilogy we dive deep into the watery worlds of Kelp (and the many creatures that inhabit them). We speak to the godfather of marine ecology, discover how a colonial lens re-wrote the history of Indigenous food, and we travel to a very special archipelago to get a glimpse of a potential future for marine species conservation.
Notes and Citations
Part 1: Trophic Cascadia [Transcript]
Guests: Dr. James Estes, author of Serendipity: An Ecologist's Quest to Understand Nature.
Music: Ben Hamilton, Leucrocuta, Tidebringer, and Sunfish Moon Light.
Production: Adam Huggins and Mendel Skulski, with help from Simone Miller. Special thanks to Anne Salomon.
Other Recordings: Stefan021, flood-mix, GowlerMusic, Ottomaani138, RutgerMuller, eggsandwhichent, theMfish, Macif, and jnomix, protected by Creative Commons attribution licenses, and accessed through the Freesound Project. This podcast also contains music from the Project Gutenberg Library. It also incorporates a number of declassified film reels from the now-defunct U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.
Citations:
Burt, J. M., Tinker, M. T., Okamoto, D. K., Demes, K. W., Holmes, K., & Salomon, A. K. (2018). Sudden collapse of a mesopredator reveals its complementary role in mediating rocky reef regime shifts. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 285(1883), 20180553.
Duggins, D. O. (1980). Kelp Beds and Sea Otters: An Experimental Approach. Ecology, 61(3), 447–453.
Estes, J. A., & Palmisano, J. F. (1974). Sea Otters: Their Role in Structuring Nearshore Communities. Science, 185(4156), 1058–1060.
Estes, J. A., Duggins, D. O., & Rathbun, G. B. (1989). The Ecology of Extinctions in Kelp Forest Communities. Conservation Biology, 3(3), 252–264.
Estes, J. A., Tinker, M. T., Williams, T. M., & Doak, D. F. (1998). Killer Whale Predation on Sea Otters Linking Oceanic and Nearshore Ecosystems. Science, 282(5388), 473–476.
Estes, J., Doak, D., Springer, A., & Williams, T. (2009). Causes and consequences of marine mammal population declines in southwest Alaska: a food-web perspective. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364(1524), 1647–1658.
Estes, J. A., et al. (2011). Trophic Downgrading of Planet Earth. Science, 333(6040), 301–306.
Estes, J. A. (2016). Serendipity: an ecologist’s quest to understand nature. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.
Filbee-Dexter, K., & Scheibling, R. (2014). Sea urchin barrens as alternative stable states of collapsed kelp ecosystems. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 495, 1–25.
Fisher, J. T., Pasztor, C., Wilson, A., Volpe, J. P., & Anholt, B. R. (2014). Recolonizing sea otters spatially segregate from pinnipeds on the Canadian Pacific coastline: The implications of segregation for species conservation. Biological Conservation, 177, 148–155.
Harvell, C. D., Montecino-Latorre, D., Caldwell, J. M., Burt, J. M., Bosley, K., Keller, A., … Gaydos, J. K. (2019). Disease epidemic and a marine heat wave are associated with the continental-scale collapse of a pivotal predator (Pycnopodia helianthoides). Science Advances, 5(1).
Konar, B., & Estes, J. A. (2003). The Stability Of Boundary Regions Between Kelp Beds And Deforested Areas. Ecology, 84(1), 174–185.
Kuker, K., & Barrett-Lennard, L. (2010). A re-evaluation of the role of killer whales Orcinus orca in a population decline of sea otters Enhydra lutris in the Aleutian Islands and a review of alternative hypotheses. Mammal Review, 40(2), 103–124.
McLeish, T. (2018). Return of the sea otter the story of the animal that evaded extinction on the Pacific Coast. Seattle: Sasquatch Books.
Paine, R. T. (1966). Food Web Complexity and Species Diversity. The American Naturalist, 100(910), 65–75.
Paine, R. T. (1969). The Pisaster-Tegula Interaction: Prey Patches, Predator Food Preference, and Intertidal Community Structure. Ecology, 50(6), 950–961.
Smale, D. A. (2019). Impacts of ocean warming on kelp forest ecosystems. New Phytologist.
Springer, A. M., Estes, J. A., Vliet, G. B. V., Williams, T. M., Doak, D. F., Danner, E. M., … Pfister, B. (2003). Sequential megafaunal collapse in the North Pacific Ocean: An ongoing legacy of industrial whaling? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100(21), 12223–12228.
Stewart, N. L., Konar, B., & Tinker, M. T. (2014). Testing the nutritional-limitation, predator-avoidance, and storm-avoidance hypotheses for restricted sea otter habitat use in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Oecologia, 177(3), 645–655.
Trites, A. W., Deecke, V. B., Gregr, E. J., Ford, J. K., & Olesiuk, P. F. (2007). Killer Whales, Whaling, And Sequential Megafaunal Collapse In The North Pacific: A Comparative Analysis Of The Dynamics Of Marine Mammals In Alaska And British Columbia Following Commercial Whaling. Marine Mammal Science, 23(4), 751–765.
Wade, P. R., Hoef, J. M. V., & Demaster, D. P. (2009). Mammal-eating killer whales and their prey-trend data for pinnipeds and sea otters in the North Pacific Ocean do not support the sequential megafaunal collapse hypothesis. Marine Mammal Science, 25(3), 737–747.
Watson, J., & Estes, J. A. (2011). Stability, resilience, and phase shifts in rocky subtidal communities along the west coast of Vancouver Island, Canada. Ecological Monographs, 81(2), 215–239.
Williams, T. M., Estes, J. A., Doak, D. F., & Springer, A. M. (2004). Killer Appetites: Assessing The Role Of Predators In Ecological Communities. Ecology, 85(12), 3373–3384.
Part 2: Ocean People [Transcript]
Guests: Kii’iljuus Barbara Wilson, Dr. Anne Salomon, and Dr. Charles Menzies.
Music: Ben Hamilton, Leucrocuta, Tidebringer, and Sunfish Moon Light.
Production: Adam Huggins, Mendel Skulski, and Simone Miller.
Other Recordings: soundstack, vewiu, jeremjuru, ermine, tschapajew, dmunk, jayfrosting, klankbeeld, dr_skitz, and gottlieb, protected by Creative Commons attribution licenses, and accessed through the Freesound Project.
Citations:
McLeish, T. (2018). Return of the sea otter the story of the animal that evaded extinction on the Pacific Coast. Seattle: Sasquatch Books.
Menzies, C. (2010). Dm sibilhaanm da laxyuubm Gitxaała: Picking Abalone in Gitxaała Territory. Human Organization, 69(3), 213–220.
Menzies, C. R. (2015). Revisiting “Dm Sibilhaa'nm da Laxyuubm Gitxaała (Piicking Abalone in Gitxaała Territory)”: Vindication, Appropriation, and Archaeology. BC Studies, 187, 129.
Menzies, C. R. (2016). People of the saltwater: an ethnography of git lax moon. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Pinkerton, E., Salomon, A. K., & Dragon, F. (2019). Reconciling social justice and ecosystem-based management in the wake of a successful predator reintroduction. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 76(6), 1031–1039.
Salomon, A. K., Wilson, K. I. B. J., White, X. E., Tanape, N., & Happynook, T. M. (2015). First Nations Perspectives on Sea Otter Conservation in British Columbia and Alaska. Sea Otter Conservation, 301–331.
Part 3: In the Balance [Transcript]
Guests: Stu Crawford, Captain Gold, Lynn Lee, Dan Okamoto, Nate Spindel, Kii’iljuus Barbara Wilson, Anne Salomon, Charles Menzies, Nate Spindel, Ollie Popley, Crystal Young, Shayanna Sawyer, Hannah Freegan, Stu Crawford, Jenn Chow, and Yarrow.
Music: Aner Andros, Hildegard’s Ghost, the Hot Sugar Band, Ben Hamilton, and Sunfish Moon Light.
Production: Adam Huggins and Mendel Skulski, with help from Simone Miller. Special thanks to Miranda Post and Parks Canada, Chloe Clarkson, Winnie Tsai, Ollie, Stu, Jen, and Yarrow, Leigh-ann Fenwick, Sheena Briggs, and Kieran Wake, without all of whom this adventure would never have been possible.
Other Recordings: CaganCelik, sandyrb, jpnien, InspectorJ (Helicopter Flyby, Distant A.wav), and vataaa, protected by Creative Commons attribution licenses, and accessed through the Freesound Project.
Citations:
Lee, L. C., Watson, J. C., Trebilco, R., & Salomon, A. K. (2016). Indirect effects and prey behavior mediate interactions between an endangered prey and recovering predator. Ecosphere, 7 (12).
McLeish, T. (2018). Return of the sea otter the story of the animal that evaded extinction on the Pacific Coast. Seattle: Sasquatch Books.
